The list will have the keywords you selected and prioritize them to make things easier for you. 3 percent) I often tell clients who are new to SEO that we can simplify SEO down to two key areas: relevance and authority. 2. So let's dive into that. (Search. Spam Score Incorporation. 5 Behavioral Signals. That's a 32% increase since the 2017 survey. 1), the proximity of searcher to the place of business (6. 1. 4. David Mihm is one of the world’s leading practitioners of Local search engine marketing. Anecdotally, we've heard reports of traffic increasing up to 10% after inclusion. There’s even more that good local brands can do. 5, the adjust negative values back to 0. After Page Authority, a URL's. We’ve compiled a list of top local search ranking factors you need to know about. In this brand new Whiteboard Friday, Russ Jones discusses the theory behind those ranking factors, and gives us some improved definitions and vocabulary to use when discussing them. Moz Local Raise your local SEO visibility with complete local SEO management. For instance, the node ID for the Electronics category is 172282. These indicate to search engines that your page is meeting customer needs, which. Moz Local Raise your local SEO visibility with complete local SEO management. " . Some of these negative factors seem like common sense, yet mistakes are made by businesses. Converse with customers everywhere, with extra kindness. There is a ton of detail to ranking in the SEO world, to try and rank in Google's results. Scores are Relative (20% might not be bad) Don't presume that getting a 15% or a 20% is always a terrible result. Moz Local Raise your local SEO visibility with complete local SEO management. The first time Google declared it was using 200 ranking factors was in its Press Day on May 10th, 2006 (you may also want to read the live blog Matt Cutts did, as. Backlinks are important for any business’s local SEO strategy. Let’s take a look at some of the most important Google ranking factors so you can learn how to increase your SEO ranking on Google. The result was that we have always ranked at position 1 or. Why Moz Local Is a Must. As I mentioned above, this list of ranking factors is based on a mix of TikTok-confirmed features as well as unofficial sources and general social media practices. It's possible to use Moz Local with a service-area business (SAB), but it's worth noting that some partners do not support hidden addresses. Moz Pro Your all-in-one suite of SEO essentials. Predictably, both rankings and traffic declined significantly. ” They discovered that Google My Business ranking rose from 19. We can see in this chart that Speed Index, despite not being an explicit ranking factor, has a modest improvement in average rank associated. Compare SEO Products See which Moz SEO solution best meets your business needs. Posted by Casey_Meraz In this article I'm going to address the current state of local SEO in 2016, review some findings from a new data-driven local SEO study, and provide you with some actionable tips to win the local SEO game. He previously was CEO of STAT Search Analytics. For example, rankings such as “dentist + city name” or “doctor in the region. Guides SEO Keyword Research On-Page SEO Link Building. data aggregators: Infogroup. Creating your Google+ Local page for your local business is your first step to being included in Google's index. 1. We gather this data to gain insight into the factors that may help—or hurt—a website's visibility in search engines. Easy and intuitive user interface makes ramping up painless. Predictably, both rankings and traffic declined significantly. Use schema on your site. Note that local SEO involves two parts- the Local Pack/Local Finder (or Map Pack) and Local Organic listings: 1. For most local searches these days, proximity appears to be weighted more than links, website content, citations, and reviews in the. Therefore, the ranking model in this article is focused primarily on keyword relevance. The ranking factor studies undertaken by SEOmoz and others have. Search Engine Listings: Using Google My Business to the Fullest. . Rather, the Panda algorithm rewards. • New domains may be dampened for a few months to help fight spam. With links and on-page SEO consistently making up about one-third of the perceived factors that drive local pack rankings, 2022 is the year in which local. Improve your customer experience and boost rankings. org, which he sold to Moz in November 2012. It enhances the perception of your site's expertise, trustworthiness, and relevance, helping you. Personalization Ranking Signals. While absolute conversion rates vary wildly by industry, unicorns always outperform donkeys by 3–5x regardless of industry. Serpstat Local SEO. Explain relevance, proximity, and. When a user searches for a specific term and finds irrelevant information, that sends a signal back to Google that the intent is likely mismatched. Check your Moz DA with our free tool. She’s helped grow the company from a few hundred customers to now more than 37,000. As a marketer you may notice evolution. Search for jobs related to Moz local search ranking factors or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 22m+ jobs. No Mobile-Optimized Website. Monthly SEO packages. Local ranking factors; Tool & software usage; Gaps in the marketplace; High ROI strategies and tactics; Get the full report! A window in time on local business marketing. 4. His annual Local Search Ranking Factors project is among the most important studies of Local SEO. From a scale of 1 (most important) to 10 (least important): consistency of citations (5. In this course, you’ll dive into the pillars of local search - proximity, relevance, and prominence - and learn about local search ranking factors. To this end, we used the suggested queries from all 22 top-level categories in the Google Adwords tool. Google cares about search intent. Video engagement. The numbers shown are mean Spearman's correlation with higher rankings, meaning that a. In this course, you’ll dive into the pillars of local search - proximity, relevance, and prominence - and learn about local search ranking factors. . Rob is VP of R&D at Moz. Moz Local Raise your local SEO visibility with complete local SEO management. 9 and compare it against Yext’s score of 9. #6 off-site local rankings factor: Quantity of Inbound Links to Domain from Locally-Relevant Domains. Once you have your keyword list, the next step is actually implementing your targeted keywords into your site’s content. Moz API Power your SEO with our. Select the keywords and click on the “Add to keyword list” option. 2 depicts the spearman correlation coefficient of all the critical factors to SE rankings, including social media-based factors, based on data from analyses performed by Moz, 8 Searchmetrics 9 and The Open Algorithm. I think the biggest difference that accounts for this is Moz’s use of 50 web results per query, compared to my use of 10. On-Page SEO: The Beginner's Guide to SEO: Everything you need to get started to optimize your pages. Tip number one, A/B testing or simply testing. #8 off-site local ranking factor: Quality/Authority of Inbound Links to. While this doesn't seem like a huge numbers, the articles that qualify can see a significant increase in traffic. 2015 Ranking Factors Expert Survey. Moz is a renowned name in the search engine industry. and previously worked as an attorney before getting into the startup space. Level 2: Modeled or rewarded, indirect effects. Large ($299/month) — 3000 keywords across 25 projects. If your site loads in 0. STAT SERP tracking and analytics for enterprise SEO experts. The author's views are entirely their own (excluding the unlikely event of hypnosis) and may not always reflect the views of Moz. So, let’s delve into the complete list of 200 Google ranking factors in 2023 straightaway. Colan is. Google, like regular people, uses reviews as signals of trust. Announcing the 2018 Local Search Ranking Factors Survey Moz - Local Search Ranking Factors Study 2018 - Local SEO |. He is also deemed a product expert by Google as a Product Expert on the Business Profile Forum. Clearly, GMB has become the most important ranking factor for local SEO. The back-end performance of a website directly impacts search engine ranking. Site Speed. These guidelines are a document that Google has provided to this whole army of quality raters. , Facebook Local Pages, local landing pages). The author's views are entirely their own (excluding the unlikely event of hypnosis) and may not always reflect the views of Moz. (note that site have over 200 pages with at least 300 words each in contrast with. With Whitespark’s managed citation and local SEO services, we take care of the legwork so that you can take care. As “passing” the three thresholds for CWV represents being in the top 36. 5. The Next Generation of Ranking Signals. Sarah is CEO of Moz and has been at the company since joining as the eighth employee in 2007. Let's first put to rest the idea that H2 through H6 carry any weight at all with search engines. Take for instance Dog Tear Stain Remover. 35 to -0. Every single snippet was taken from a page that was good enough to rank in the top 10 organic positions. The first step in building the dataset is selecting a list of keyword queries. 6 Citation Signals. To help you understand which factors are most important, Moz has now published a study about the local ranking factors 2015. 2. #7 Search Personalization. More than Keywords: 7 Concepts of Advanced On-Page SEO: On-page SEO starts with keywords, but Google. This is the latest in. Historically, the Whitespark local search ranking survey asked participants to select their top 20 local SEO factors. Moz Local has three tiers charged per year and per location. 9) Global Link Popularity of Site (4. Google Maps. The following are the top on-page ranking factors that can affect your website's search visibility: title tags, meta descriptions, on-page content, internal links, URL structure, header markup, alt text, etc. The closer you are to the searcher, the higher you’ll rank in the Map. Twenty-two years ago, the founders of Google invented PageRank, and forever changed the web. On-page and link signals – which collectively include keywords in titles, domain authority, inbound anchor text, and linking domain authority – are the most important factors when it comes to ranking in local search, according to new research by Moz. Dedicated Page for Each Service. YouTube Ranking Factors. This year, Moz surveyed over 150 leading search marketers who provided expert opinions on over 90 ranking factors. 1. I. 7K READS Moz Local is unveiling an important update to its service in June 2019. The first time Google declared it was using 200 ranking factors was in its Press Day on May 10th, 2006 (you may also want to read the live blog Matt Cutts did, as it. Moving on, make site search simple and obvious. 5. We've seen a lot more testing tools pop up in the last couple of years, which is awesome because SEO is not make a decision and implement it and you're done. The most effective location data management solution: distribution to the directories, sites, and apps that factor in most to local search results. The way your page is optimized has a huge impact on its ability to rank. Citations play a crucial role in local SEO, as they help search engines verify your business’s existence and boost its credibility. Why Does DA Matter? Even though it’s not a ranking factor, it’s the closest thing we have to a metric that attempts to predict howWe analyzed campaign data from a sample of 345 Fractl campaigns that launched between 2013 and 2016. . It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. 1) The Owner Sets The Review Stage. Google is the dominant player in mobile. We can use those weights in our vector calculations. See which Moz SEO solution best meets your business needs. org, which he sold to Moz in November 2012. Of the Top 20, exactly half have switched to HTTPS, although most of. STAT SERP tracking and analytics for enterprise SEO experts. Keyword Explorer Find traffic-driving keywords with our 1. Here's how it looks in Moz Analytics: A keyword with a location specified counts against your keyword limit in Moz Analytics just like any other keyword. We’ll also highlight how these results have changed over time, and discuss which tasks you should focus your energy on. Local search marketing comprises both offline and online tactics employed to promote businesses that serve customers face-to-face. Copied!. Here’s my shortlist of factors that Google is likely to use in their calculation: The average PageRank of an author’s content. The data in our survey depicts the local SEO industry both before and during the public health emergency. The Moz DA and the Moz PA are better predictors of ranking than the total link count as Google's algorithms are beginning to weigh more on authoritative sites. Moz API. Claim your social profiles. 3% for Speed Index. The first one is new types of ranking factor, the big one being engagement. Forming new cross-sales partnerships with fellow businesses. 2. The following are some of the ranking factors that Moz uses to determine page authority: Social signals, such as the number of Google+1’s, Facebook Likes,. STAT SERP tracking and analytics for enterprise SEO experts. So these would be like the 5 or 10, or if you're bigger, maybe 50 keywords that you know have image blocks in them, or that you know get lots of image searches, and therefore you're trying to. Another crucial ranking factor for Google is how well your content matches a user’s search intent. Though Local SEO ranking factors are in a constant state of flux, there are a few factors that seem to stand out more than others. While Google Posts aren’t a ranking factor, they can still be an incredibly effective resource for increasing local business conversions — when used correctly. In 2017, when I wrote the original version of this post, contributors to the Local Search Ranking Factors survey placed Google star ratings down at #24 in terms of local rankings influence. Their answers provide insight into the inner workings of the search marketing both now and in the future. The guide explains the top 20 bulk important factors and special a succinct, illustrated view of each. So much has happened, and on the strength of the warm reception this nascent local search quarterly review received in 2022, I’m going to continue the series this year. Serpstat’s Local SEO tool allows you to manage your business presence and reputation in numerous local directories from a single interface in a matter of minutes. A minority of impressions and engagement (15%) happen on national or brand pages. Build some links. 3. According to Gabe's data, ranking position played some sort of role in whether you get Featured Snippets. Local Search Ranking Factors 2018: Local Today, Key Takeaways, and the Future - Whiteboard Friday; 9. How to Monitor Search Engine Rankings. In addition, I am going to compare it against raw ranking data pulled by my company, Stone Temple Consulting (STC). Review monitoring to engage with customers the moment. If the minimum Ad Rank to show above the organic search results is 20, only Advertisers 1 and 2 will show above the. Factors 48-146: Statistical Spearman Correlation -0. Can any one please help in the factors that effects Alexa ranking. Monthly SEO packages. Optimizing your web presence for personalization means creating relevant content for the demographic. Let’s get started. You can set up a keyword list for as many keywords as possible. 5. “What the world needs now, is love, sweet love. We designed Moz Local to be the most efficient option for location management, with an easy-to-use interface and an affordable price point. com How important are the following ranking factors in generating local- specific search results? Rank from most (10) to least (1) important. 10 It is important to mention that the three-way classification of the values of the spearman correlation into small (r s. Local search experts know that it’s not the domain authority of the link source that matters, it’s the local relevance (and industry relevance) of the links that really gives the ranking boost. The Local Citation Finder helps you quickly find key citations your competitors have that you need and improve your local ranking factors. 100s of linking root domains. So, generally, more reviews will lead to more rankings and traffic. It's not about links, it's not about mobile-friendliness, it's not about having an HTTPS site. #5 Online Citations. 4. 14 to -0. 8 seconds it is faster than approximately 94% of the web. The survey asked respondents to rate many different factors on a scale of 1-10 according to how important they thought they were in Google's ranking algorithm. 5. Relevance. Now the quality raters do not have the power to put a penalty on your. ; A study by Authority Hacker that analyzed over 1 million search results and produced some interesting insight into the type of content that ranks. Every two years, Moz surveys the brightest minds in SEO and search marketing with a comprehensive set of questions meant to gauge the current workings of Google's search algorithm. For example, take a local keyword like “gluten free pizza brooklyn”. After taking a year off in 2016, Moz is back with its 2017 survey of local search ranking factors. What makes this so interesting is that the Moz. You know the numbers — Google uses over 200 ranking signals, updates its algorithm over 500 times a year, and employs thousands of engineers. Name your new listing and start adding all of your important business information. In the fourth quarter of 2021, mobile traffic accounted for 54. Despite its success, seven years is a long time in SEO. Your All-In-One Suite of SEO Tools. This data was pulled from a reputable local SEO industry study that has been going on since 2008. Today I am going to share some of what I found. 2. David co-founded GetListed. GMB signals now make up 25% the local pack/finder pie chart. In the Moz article titled Should You Pay for Local Listings Management? by Miriam Ellis, she makes this statement: "Prominence, proximity, and distance are the three types of factors Google tells us it takes into account when ranking local businesses. A lower score means a weaker website that will have trouble ranking for competitive keywords. It enhances the perception of your site's expertise, trustworthiness, and relevance, helping you. Not bad!. The many goals of this form of promotion can include improving customer. 5 = 0. We’re fortunate to have some original data today from Moz’s own Dr. The final mistake is not creating a mobile-optimized website. Given a search query and a document, compute a relevance score that measures the similarity between the query and document. The survey known as Local Search Ranking Factors has been an industry favorite since its inception in 2008. STAT. #2 Google My Business. Diversity of inbound links as a ranking factor in pack results moved up 22 spots from last year, and even in competitive markets, it rose 10 spots to #14. To get into the local pack, you need to know what to focus on. Our listing management solution enables you to quickly distribute a local business’ data in real time and real fast, to the top directories, data aggregators and mapping apps. Quantity of third-party traditional reviews 20. WHIT PAPR 1. Back in the day, MOZ investigated the most critical factors necessary for local rankings for the second time. . Google has confirmed that page speed is a ranking factor, and studies have shown that faster websites tend to rank higher in search results. Proximity of Address to the Point of Search Sometimes referred to as the user-as-centroid phenomenon, this element has hit the #1 spot for the first time ever in. A/B testing. Read along to learn more. H1 Tag - Data suggests that the headline is a ranking actor in Google, whether or not it is in an H1 Tag. Another crucial ranking factor for Google is how well your content matches a user’s search intent. Compare SEO Products See which Moz SEO solution best meets your business needs. First, the Panda algorithm is specifically about content. This is an important finding, as it lines up with what many of us in. City, state in most/all website title tags 19. 4 percent of global traffic. com breaks down Google local ranking factors to a granular level, we like to classify them into three main categories. Moz API Power your SEO with our. See full list on moz. Sarah holds a J. This week for Whiteboard Friday we are taking a look at how to get a video to rank on YouTube. With over 200 rankings factors (Bing claims over 1,000), no single factor has to be perfect. Beats the expected CTR for a given position by 20 percent, you're likely to appear in position 1. 2. Social shares figured into Moz's Search Engine Ranking Factors 2015,. Fig. . The Local SEO Cheatsheet [Free PDF Download]: Download your free 5 page Local SEO Cheat Sheet. 14 to -0. ) make up 25. It's important that visitors to your site can do two things right away: know what the page they land on is about and easily find the information they're looking for. Spearman’s rank correlation is used, as we’re comparing ranked variables (organic ranking) with logarithmic (ish) metrics like DA, and variables with extreme high-end values (like. 1; or MOZ Local’s user satisfaction level at 99% versus Yext’s 95% satisfaction score. The evolution of the search, and the results we all click on, is perhaps the more easily identifiable ways to track changes in Google search. $99 – Essential: Includes data management, duplication closure,. " - Darren Shaw. This year's survey allowed for a higher level of response granularity as it allowed contributors to rank all 149 possible factors that could impact search results. This is the most important question you can ask of any keyword: Is it relevant"Motorcycle vest with. Breaking with tradition, respondents placed user-to-business proximity third in local ranking factors, below both Google My Business and review signals. Image source: Semrush. This post originally appeared on the Digital. The keyword research matrix. On an individual account level, I've seen server security optimization improve page performance for multiple clients. List the types of search intent & how they relate to local SEO. Moz's 2015 Search Engine Ranking Factors presents survey data from over 150 marketing professionals specializing in Search Engine Optimization. The most common SERP Features are: Rich Snippets which add a visual layer to an existing result (e. The first part of our guide to Google ranking factors looks at the simple, technical elements that Google uses to rank your page: title tags, H1 tags and meta descriptions. The impact of Google My Business on local search rankings has seen significant growth in 2018, according to Moz’ 2018 Local Search Ranking Factors survey. Moz’s Keyword Ranking tool keeps me abreast of any fluctuations in rankings, and MozBar allows me to gain a quick understanding of the competitive landscape in any given search result. The biggest thing I notice is the "type" of website now ranking for my main keywords. In addition to the Linkscape update, I'm excited to share some very early results from SEOmoz's 2011 Search Ranking Factors. Keep doing what you’re doing. Below we recap the top 10 local SEO ranking factors that have been identified by David Mihm, a local SEO analyst and now-employee of the Moz crew. Overall, links were up 9% as a general factor compared to last year, and a number of experts noted an increased focus on quality links since the rollout of the Local Stack / Snack Pack. #5 Online Citations. It also offers a free tool to check reviews of Google Business at a glance. Moz API Power your SEO with our index of over 44 trillion links. One in particular to note that is different from the web is the Top Charts in an app store. Google’s early-days local product was governed by an algorithm that was much more distinct from their organic algorithm than it is today. Since day one of SEO, marketers have tried to determine what factors Google takes into account when ranking results on the SERPs. The list of directories includes Google Maps, Facebook, TripAdvisor, Uber, Yelp, BAIDU, Foursquare, and many more. The Local Search Ranking Factors 2015 was just published at MOZ. The age-old saying, “Content is King,” means more than it ever has. 8 Personalization Signals. Moz Local Raise your local SEO visibility with complete local SEO management. Moz Local Raise your local SEO visibility with complete local SEO management. 1. Both are worth detailed examination. local search ranking factors. Address of point of Google search. This suggests that for those results, the keyword use may actually be hurting them. While correlation studies can never elucidate. In addition, Moz Local provides detailed insights into local search ranking factors, including keyword rankings, backlink profiles, and citation consistency. Backlinks are the #1 ranking factor in Google. Taking maximum safety precautions, delivering at the curb or the front door, facilitating online purchasing, and experimenting with new ideas are all must-haves for 2021. With this tool, businesses can track their online reputation and respond to customer feedback, which can help improve customer satisfaction and build trust. 328 and 0. Takeaways. 6), physical address in the city of search (6. Do a search for almost any local business and you’ll see Yelp on page one. The company. The results this year come from two sources - the opinions of SEO professionals via survey AND a broad correlation analysis of Google's results. S. Google recently stated that 27% of local searches have an intent of reading reviews about a specific business and our recent State of Local Industry Report here at Moz found that 91% of respondents agree that reviews impact rankings. In the Moz article titled Should You Pay for Local Listings Management? by Miriam Ellis, she makes this statement: "Prominence, proximity, and distance are the three types of factors Google tells us it takes into account when ranking local businesses. Domain Authority (DA) is a search engine ranking score developed by Moz that predicts how likely a website is to rank in search engine result pages (SERPs). Location & reputation management with additional directories like Nextdoor & Yellow Pages. If there’s another website that you just can’t seem to outrank, their stronger link profile is. To compare linking performance, we set benchmarks based on the industry averages for links per campaign from our content marketing agency survey: High success (more than 100 placements), moderate success (20–100. Compare SEO Products. 9)A study by Brian Dean’s Backlinko that looked at over 11 million search results to come to 11 conclusions about ranking factors. 3. 5) Anchor Text of Inbound Link (4. The local SEO community reported daily changes to local and local-organic rankings for weeks following the Pigeon rollout, including widespread replacement of the older 7-pack style. A variety of negative outcomes can arise from the presence of duplicate listings, detracting from your local business' ability to rank well and win customers. Page Authority (PA) is a score developed by Moz that predicts how well a specific page will rank on search engine result pages (SERP). Ranking Factors 2023: Systems, Signals, and Page Experience. On-page (34%) 2. 2. There is no. 4) (MOZ, 2020). On-page signals account for. Local Search Ranking Factors 2018: Local Today, Key Takeaways, and the Future - Whiteboard Friday; 9. The search engines consider review quantity, diversity, velocity, and quality. Mobile Search Ranking Factors (Clue - One Normal SEO Factor is Missing) On-page SEO. According to Moz, they "attempt to bring clarity to the ever-murkier waters of a Social-Local-Mobile world" in 2013. David co-founded GetListed. Search intent is simply a term that describes what the user is trying to accomplish with a search. I know it sounds ridiculous, however if you look at this pie chart under the “top local stack / snack pack factors” (aka Google Maps), you can see online directories / citations are both the #2, #5, and #14 local ranking factors… Top 20 Online Directories. Each month YouTube receives over 800 million unique visitors who watch more than 3 billion hours. Knowing about the Local SEO Ranking Factors is extremely important so that you can influence these factors to work in your favor. Keyword Appears. 98% 0. For Google, has anyone got a finger on how much of a factor the address type "service customers only at their location" versus "service customers at my business location AND customers location is" is as far as local search ranking especially for 3-pack re. 20. STAT SERP tracking and analytics for enterprise SEO experts. If search engines and users can't access your site, it might as well not exist. Let’s set you up for success with seven local SEO precepts for the year ahead, some expert commentary, and many signs of good things to come! 1. 100s of linking root domains. Search for jobs related to Moz local ranking factors 2019 or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 22m+ jobs. According to Whitespark (2020), who also surveyed a group of SEO experts to find out which ranking factors contributed the most to local SEO, off-page accounted for over 50% of total rankings too. That’s it. And this is where Moz Local comes in most handy. (These findings are based on 122,125 local businesses found using 18,580. However, engagement was the highest-ranking social factor, according to Moz respondents, who only gave it a score of 3. Moz performed their annual survey of local search ranking factors in 2013, a load of data that is difficult to digest. This study is based on the first 20 organic results for every MozCast keyword (10,000 keywords), on both desktop and mobile, from a suburban location in the USA. Reputation management may be engaged to restore a damaged reputation, or to identify strategies to encourage the. Premium ($599/month) — 4500 keywords and up to 50 projects. 12% in 2018, but we feel these data are still valid. These are all things that SEOs can put into action, either to create new, great-quality content or to increase the quality value of their current content. First we're going to divide the overall relevance (200) of a page (100) to a particular keyword into two subsets: on-page relevance (210), and off-page relevance (220). 1 On-Page Signals. According to Google, 20% of all Google searches done on mobile are now voice searches. 4% Of Local Search Ranking Factors. Moz Local Raise your local SEO visibility with complete local SEO management. HTTP) Websites that are mobile-friendly. We did that using Moz's Link Explorer and in this year's study, we looked at the largest data set yet — 27,000 queries. Number of “Check-Ins” at location. Your All-In-One Suite of SEO Tools. Tools: Check your PA with Link Explorer. So, just how important is your website’s ranking, and how is it calculated?Both mozRank and PageRank (both academically and in the real world) have very few pages at the top (mR/PR 10) and many, many pages at the bottom (mR/PR 1).